Manage prehypertension. Select the most appropriate imaging modality for a patient with chronic kidney disease. Identify the increased risk for transitional cell carcinoma in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy. Diagnose hemoglobinuria. Treat a patient with uncontrolled hypertension. Diagnose AL amyloidosis with kidney manifestations. Diagnose type 4 (hyperkalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis. Differentiate between glomerular and nonglomerular hematuria. Diagnose thin glomerular basement membrane disease. Treat stage 1 hypertension in a patient with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Recommend lifestyle modifications in a patient with newly diagnosed hypertension. Manage infection-related glomerulonephritis. Treat a patient who has chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Manage isolated hematuria. Treat a patient with hypertension based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Manage uric acid nephrolithiasis with adequate urine output and urine alkalinization. Treat resistant hypertension by switching a thiazide diuretic to a loop diuretic in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Treat a patient with stage 2 hypertension using combination therapy. Diagnose white coat hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diagnose aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. Monitor complications of immunosuppressive medications used in kidney transplantation. Recommend mechanical stone removal for a patient with a large (>10 mm) kidney stone. Diagnose IgG4-related interstitial nephritis. Diagnose diuretic-related metabolic alkalosis. Identify decreased muscle mass as a cause of decreased serum creatinine. Provide appropriate pneumococcal vaccinations for a patient with chronic kidney disease. Identify laxative abuse as a cause of metabolic acidosis. Evaluate for malignancy in a kidney transplant recipient. Recognize the risk factors for acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Diagnose oncogenic osteomalacia. Treat acute kidney injury with continuous renal replacement therapy. Diagnose anti–glomerular basement membrane antibody disease. Manage elevated serum creatinine due to trimethoprim. Evaluate a patient with suspected nephrolithiasis using noncontrast helical abdominal CT. Diagnose prerenal acute kidney injury in a patient taking diuretics. Manage elevated blood pressure in an older patient. Diagnose infection-related glomerulonephritis. Identify orlistat as a cause of acute kidney injury. Treat lupus nephritis with combination immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnose membranous glomerulopathy. Manage white coat hypertension. Diagnose thrombotic microangiopathy caused by chemotherapy. Appropriately time the referral of a patient with chronic kidney disease to a nephrologist. Manage diabetic nephropathy. Diagnose abdominal compartment syndrome. Diagnose statin-induced rhabdomyolysis. Diagnose acquired cystic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma in a patient with end-stage kidney disease. Screen a patient with risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Treat interstitial nephritis by discontinuing a medication. Treat a patient with cardiorenal syndrome. Diagnose chronic hypertension in a pregnant patient. Diagnose hyperosmolar hyponatremia. Identify tramadol overdose as a cause of respiratory acidosis. Identify hydroxyethyl starch as a cause of acute kidney injury and increased mortality. Evaluate kidney function in a patient with acute interstitial nephritis. Treat a patient with struvite nephrolithiasis by removing the stone. Evaluate for HIV infection in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Diagnose glomerulonephritis. Manage overcorrection of sodium in a patient with severe asymptomatic hyponatremia at risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome. Manage intracranial cerebral aneurysm screening in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Treat chronic hyponatremia. Manage stage 1 hypertension in an older, frail patient. Diagnose the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Diagnose type 1 (hypokalemic distal) renal tubular acidosis. Understand the risks and benefits of kidney transplantation. Manage blood pressure and diet to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Treat a patient who has chronic kidney disease and proteinuria. Diagnose alcoholic ketoacidosis. Diagnose IgA vasculitis. Identify vomiting as a cause of hypokalemia. Diagnose thrombotic microangiopathy. Evaluate a pregnant patient for suspected nephrolithiasis using ultrasonography. Treat calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis with bile salt binders in a patient with enteric hyperoxaluria. Diagnose a complex mixed acid-base disorder. Diagnose drug-induced tubulointerstitial disease presenting as Fanconi syndrome. Diagnose hypophosphatemia due to refeeding syndrome. Identify NSAIDs as a cause of elevated blood pressure. Diagnose D-lactic acidosis. Treat suspected catheter-related bacteremia in a patient with end-stage kidney disease. Measure urine chloride levels to determine the cause of metabolic alkalosis. Diagnose autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Treat tumor lysis syndrome. Manage IgA nephropathy. Manage preeclampsia. Manage secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Diagnose atheroembolic kidney disease. Treat stage 1 hypertension in a black patient. Treat acute ethylene glycol poisoning with intravenous sodium bicarbonate. Treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Diagnose pseudohyponatremia. Treat minimal change glomerulopathy with glucocorticoids. Diagnose thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Manage hypertension during pregnancy. Diagnose lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus using a water restriction test. Treat hyperkalemia using intravenous glucose and insulin to rapidly shift potassium intracellularly. Manage stage 1 hypertension in an older patient. Diagnose masked hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diagnose respiratory alkalosis. Treat metabolic acidosis with alkali therapy to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Diagnose interstitial nephritis caused by mesalamine therapy. Diagnose preeclampsia. Evaluate a patient for secondary causes of membranous glomerulopathy. Identify normal physiologic changes of pregnancy as the cause of decreased serum sodium levels in a pregnant patient. Recommend non-dialytic therapy for a very elderly patient who has end-stage kidney disease and a high burden of comorbid conditions and poor functional status. Manage a patient at risk for contrast-induced nephropathy. Treat hyperphosphatemia in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Protect sites of current or future vascular access in a patient with severe chronic kidney disease. Treat lupus nephritis with combination immunosuppressive therapy.